1. Arduino & C++ Programming Fundamentals

• Introduction to Arduino UNO: Understanding the microcontroller (ATmega328P), pin configuration (Digital I/O, Analog Input), power management, and the IDE interface.

• Mastering Arduino C++: Core programming concepts including variables, data types, control flow (if/else, switch), loops (for, while), and functions.

• Digital I/O Control: Writing sketches to control LEDs, pushbuttons, basic logic, and implementing concepts like pull-up/pull-down resistors.

• Serial Communication: Debugging and interfacing with a computer using the Serial Monitor for data transmission and receiving.

2. Sensor Interfacing & Data Acquisition

• Analog Input: Working with potentiometers, photoresistors (LDRs), and temperature sensors to read and convert analog signals into digital data.

• Digital Sensor Protocols: Interfacing with complex sensors using common protocols like I2C (e.g., accelerometers, real-time clocks) and SPI (e.g., SD card modules).

• Environment Sensing: Hands-on integration of common sensors for projects: ultrasonic distance sensors, humidity/temperature (DHT), and basic motion detection (PIR).

• Signal Processing Basics: Introduction to mapping, smoothing, and calibrating sensor data for reliable readings.

3. Actuators & Automation Prototyping

• Controlling Actuators: Driving devices that perform physical tasks, including stepper motors, DC motors, and servo motors using motor drivers (e.g., L298N).

• Relay & Power Control: Interfacing relays to safely switch higher voltage/current devices, enabling basic appliance automation.

• Feedback Systems: Implementing simple feedback loops using sensors and actuators to maintain a set condition (e.g., a simple temperature controller).

• User Interface: Integrating basic output devices like LCD displays and 7-segment displays to provide status and control information.

4. IoT & Real-World Project Application

• Basic Connectivity: Introduction to communication modules like Ethernet Shield or ESP8266/ESP32 (used as shields) to connect the Arduino to the internet.

• Data Logging: Building prototypes that can record sensor data locally (SD card) or send data to a cloud service (e.g., thingspeak) for remote monitoring.

• Automation Prototype: Design and construction of a functional prototype, such as a Smart Home Monitor or an Automated Plant Watering System.

• Project Documentation & Troubleshooting: Learning systematic approaches to debugging complex hardware/software issues and documenting project code and schematics.